Infraspecific

"infraspecific," meaning they are families or sub-groups of species. ❋ Unknown (2010)

Species such as red knot ( '' Calidris canutus '') and ruddy turnstone ( '' Arenaria interpres '') are inferred to have had much larger populations and more extensive breeding areas during glacial stages, although others, such as dunlin ( '' C. alpina ''), exhibit evidence of range fragmentation during glacial stages leading to the evolution of distinct geographically restricted infraspecific taxa. ❋ Unknown (2009)

Evidence for this includes the large number of infraspecific endemics and the young age of most of the sandy coastal plain, perhaps less than one million years. ❋ Unknown (2007)

Of these, at least 225 species or infraspecific taxa are endemic or near-endemic. ❋ Unknown (2007)

A. tortilis is a variable species, with six infraspecific taxa including four recognized subspecies: tortilis, spirocarpa, heteracantha, and raddiana ❋ Unknown (1990)

Restriction in dispersal due to geographic isolation has probably hindered gene flow, thus allowing rapid local adaptation, recognizable in variation at the infraspecific level. ❋ Emil K. Urban (N/A)