Parous

The development of the follicles, however, remains imperfect, except in the parous female. ❋ Unknown (1918)

Bearing in mind these varieties of congenital development in relation to the respective condition of virginity, or sterile or parous married life, the mode of occurrence and of progress of disease grows on the physician's mind, and there is no more occasion for bewilderment than to the mathematician studying conic sections, when his knowledge has grown from the basis of the science. ❋ Havelock Ellis (1899)

We recorded the oestrus event of a parous female as 'false' if the female was pregnant, senescent, or in a state of lactation induced infertility. ❋ Lucy A. Bates Et Al. (2010)

This leaves us with the final possibility that parous females simulate oestrus in order to demonstrate towards which males the oestrus behaviours are most appropriately directed. ❋ Lucy A. Bates Et Al. (2010)

Due to the unequal sample sizes of the three nulliparous female group conditions (A: only female in family group exhibiting oestrus (n = 251); B: oestrus coincided with a genuine oestrus of a parous female relative (n = 11); C: oestrus coincided with a false oestrus event of a parous female relative (n = 10)), we used non-parametric independent-samples statistics. ❋ Lucy A. Bates Et Al. (2010)

These coincidences occurred 10 times with a nulliparous female and once with another parous female. ❋ Lucy A. Bates Et Al. (2010)

That is, do parous females display false oestrus behaviours to coincide with the first occasions that young, nulliparous females come into oestrus, in order to provide information? ❋ Lucy A. Bates Et Al. (2010)

Analysis showing that nulliparous female elephants do not direct their oestrous behaviour appropriately towards musth males, unlike parous females. ❋ Lucy A. Bates Et Al. (2010)

The coincidence between the two parous females concerned a mother and daughter pairing. ❋ Lucy A. Bates Et Al. (2010)

However, it is possible that the occurrence of false oestrus by a parous female, coincident with the genuine oestrus of a nulliparous female, is more common than the data here suggest; if the lack of oestrus state is correctly recognized by a researcher, such actions would not be recorded as oestrus behaviour. ❋ Lucy A. Bates Et Al. (2010)

We show that parous females in the Amboseli elephant population do simulate receptive oestrus behaviours, and this false oestrus occurs disproportionately in the presence of naïve female kin who are observed coming into oestrus for the first time. ❋ Lucy A. Bates Et Al. (2010)

Each panel shows how many events occurred singly in a family, how many coincided with a genuine oestrus event of another parous female, and how many with a nulliparous female. ❋ Lucy A. Bates Et Al. (2010)

We therefore find no difference in the performance of nulliparous females whether their oestrus event coincided with false oestrus of a parous relative or not. ❋ Lucy A. Bates Et Al. (2010)

Demonstration by parous relatives may encourage nulliparous females to direct their oestrus behaviour towards the much larger musth males, rather than running away from them, helping them to learn to attach themselves to males that are able to guard them. ❋ Lucy A. Bates Et Al. (2010)

Basically, jaundice is a yellowing of the skin and Risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and cholangiocarcinoma in Taiwanese parous women with chronic hepatitis B virus infection New data presented today at the International Liver CongressTM 2010 found a Medicine shows that the test most commonly used to screen pediatric patients for chronic liver disease is often incorrectly interpreted in ... ❋ Unknown (2010)

Of the 10 coincidences between nulliparous and parous females, the parous female was the mother of the nulliparous female in four cases, an older sister in two cases, and the matriarch of the family in four cases. ❋ Lucy A. Bates Et Al. (2010)

Fisher exact test was used to compare the mate choices of nulliparous females showing oestrus alone with those who coincided with a false oestrus, and also to explore the mate choices of parous females. ❋ Lucy A. Bates Et Al. (2010)

We aim to determine when parous female elephants are most likely to exhibit false oestrus, and compare the pattern of false oestrus events against predictions made by several alternative hypotheses, in an attempt to establish the most likely explanation for the occurrence of false oestrus in African elephants. ❋ Lucy A. Bates Et Al. (2010)

Similarly, the occurrence of false oestrus in the presence of young, nulliparous relatives, by females who are already pregnant, senescent, or lactating, is inconsistent with the hypothesis that it serves to directly improve the reproductive success of the parous female. ❋ Lucy A. Bates Et Al. (2010)