Targums

I thought 'targums' were actually spoken Aramaic translations of Hebrew scripture made in the synagogue, rather than a kind of 'language'. ❋ Unknown (2004)

These translations and paraphrases were at first oral, but they were afterwards reduced to writing, and thus targums, i.e., "versions" or ❋ M.G. Easton (1897)

Both of these targums issued from the Jewish school which then flourished at Babylon. ❋ M.G. Easton (1897)

Andrew and Rabbi Joseph write different targums, I have left each to make his own commentary without prejudice. ❋ Unknown (1897)

Like all ancient targums, it bears in some particulars the character of a paraphrase; and amongst other departures from the literal text of the original Hebrew, the translator, following the example of Onkelos and others, has substituted modern geographical names for some of the more ancient, such as ❋ James Emerson Tennent (1836)

Other targums attest kepha for tsûr in such texts as Deuteronomy 32: 4 and Isaiah 17: 10, where rock is used metaphorically for God himself (i.e., solid rock). ❋ Unknown (2009)

The use of written targums was "authoritatively sanctioned before the end of the second century after Christ. ❋ James Edward Talmage (1897)

Significantly, discoveries in Qumran targums have found pre-Christian evidence for kepha referring to rocky mountain summits or crags (sela ' ❋ Unknown (2009)