Tyramine

Foods such as aged cheeses, cured meats, tofu and draught beer all contain high levels of tyramine, which is usually broken down by MAO; inhibiting this process causes blood pressure to rise and has in the past led to fatal hypertension.

"But people who are prone to migraines often find that the amino acid tyramine, which is sometimes found in soy, citrus fruits, bananas, yogurt and nuts, can prompt a headache," said Merle Diamond, M.D., co-director of the Diamond Headache Clinic in Chicago. ❋ Unknown (2010)

Sir Henry's researches have involved a painstaking investigation of the pharmacology of ergot alkaloids and a study of the effects of incidental bases of a simpler nature, such as tyramine and histamine. ❋ Unknown (1965)

Food additives such as tyramine, monosodium glutamate (MSG) or nitrates. ❋ Unknown (2009)

In a retrospective study by Rabkin and associates, the most frequently occurring adverse effects included hypertensive reactions (some of these were due to inadvertent consumption of foods containing tyramine or concurrent use of catecholamine-containing drugs), orthostatic hypotension, hypomania, weight gain and sexual dysfunction. 2 In most cases adverse effects were controlled with dosage adjustments. ❋ Unknown (2010)

"Effect of tyramine in migraine; a double-blind study." ❋ M.D. Leo Galland (2011)

"Two controlled trials of tyramine in children with migraine." ❋ M.D. Leo Galland (2011)

The stuff in chocolate said to be pharmacologically significant — serotonin, tryptophan, phenylethylamine, tyramine and cannabinoids — exist in higher concentrations in other foods with less appeal than chocolate. ❋ Unknown (2007)

I am taking a MAO inhibitor drug and tyramine is to be avoided. ❋ Unknown (2009)

Migraines can be set off by foods containing tyramine, phenathylamine, monosodium glutamate, or sodium nitrate. ❋ The Boston Women’s Health Book Collective (2005)

Histamine and tyramine are found in large quantities in Cheddar, blue, Swiss, and Dutch-style cheeses, and can cause a rise in blood pressure, headaches, and rashes in people who are especially sensitive to them. ❋ Harold McGee (2004)

In one paper, with the running page heading of "the cocaine paradox," we presented evidence that in aortic strips of rabbit and isolated electrically-driven atria from guinea pig and cat, cocaine potentiated responses to norepinephrine and inhibited those to tyramine by blocking one and the same site on adrenergic nerve terminals. ❋ Unknown (1999)

In writing the 1955 review on the "Pharmacology of vascular smooth muscle," I had become very interested in the mechanisms by which sympathetic postganglionic denervation and certain drugs like cocaine markedly potentiate the response of effector organs to epinephrine and norepinephrine, yet markedly reduce the response to the sympathomimetic tyramine. ❋ Unknown (1999)

Blockade of this site inhibited the neuronal uptake of no repinephrine from the region of the adrenergic receptors, thus potentiating its action; however, blockade of the site also inhibited uptake of tyramine, whose sympathomimetic action depends on release of norepinephrine from neuronal storage sites, thus inhibiting its action. ❋ Unknown (1999)

It results from failure of the body to metabolize the ingested pressor amine tyramine because of inhibition of monoamine oxidase, for which tyramine is a substrate. ❋ Michael Alan Taylor (1993)

As they also inhibit the oxidation of tyramine, the MAOIs can cause a tyramine hypertensive crisis in patients who eat foods high in tyramine during treatment. ❋ Michael Alan Taylor (1993)

The most important side effect of MAOIs about 1% of patients is the hypertensive crisis that may occur in patients who eat foods with a high tyramine content. ❋ Michael Alan Taylor (1993)

Because Emsam is a patch that delivers the MAOI selegiline through the skin, it avoids the medication passing through the stomach -- which was the danger area for problematic interactions with foods that contain a chemical called tyramine. ❋ Unknown (2011)

EVT 302 has so far managed to avoid one of the biggest drawbacks in using this approach, that of tyramine sensitivity, Evotec says.