Toxicants may also be referred to as xenobiotics; that is, chemicals that are “foreign to living systems.” ❋ Unknown (2007)
Glutathione S-transferases (GST) are a family of homodimeric enzymes that play a pivotal role in cell detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of many endogenous and exogenous hydrophobic electrophiles (such as xenobiotics) with reduced glutathione, thus neutralizing their effects within the cellular environment ❋ Unknown (2009)
A study in the journal Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, for instance, showed saunas could help remove heavy metals and chemical xenobiotics. ❋ Grace Suh Coscia (2012)
Due to such route-specific differences in absorption, xenobiotics are often ranked for hazard in accordance with the route of exposure. ❋ Unknown (2008)
Reductions are most likely to occur with xenobiotics in which oxygen content is low. ❋ Unknown (2008)
Often glucuronidation or sulfation can conjugate the same xenobiotics. ❋ Unknown (2008)
They are a normal aspect of life, participating in the building up of new tissue, tearing down of old tissue, conversion of food to energy, disposal of waste materials, and elimination of toxic xenobiotics. ❋ Unknown (2008)
Depending on where and how the xenobiotics act, the result may be either an increase or a decrease in neurotransmission. ❋ Unknown (2008)
The primary routes of exposure by which xenobiotics can gain entry into the body are: ❋ Unknown (2008)
The high degree of absorption of ingested xenobiotics is also due to the slow movement of substances through the intestinal tract. ❋ Unknown (2008)
While all components of the cell can be damaged by xenobiotics or body products produced in reaction to the xenobiotics, the components most likely to be involved in cellular damage are the cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, peroxisomes, lysosomes, and mitochondria. ❋ Unknown (2008)
Active transport is important in the transport of xenobiotics into the liver, kidney, and central nervous system and for maintenance of electrolyte and nutrient balance. ❋ Unknown (2008)
Enzyme inhibition and enzyme induction can be caused by prior or simultaneous exposure to xenobiotics. ❋ Unknown (2008)
Under normal conditions, xenobiotics are poorly absorbed within the mouth and esophagus, due mainly to the very short time that a substance resides within these portions of the gastrointestinal tract. ❋ Unknown (2008)
Sulfate conjugation is another important Phase II reaction that occurs with many xenobiotics. ❋ Unknown (2008)
Passive transfer is the most common way that xenobiotics cross cell membranes. ❋ Unknown (2008)
In general, sulfation decreases the toxicity of xenobiotics. ❋ Unknown (2008)
The illustration in Figure 4 demonstrates the passive diffusion and filtration of xenobiotics through a typical cell membrane. ❋ Unknown (2008)
Many diseases can impair an individual's capacity to biotransform xenobiotics. ❋ Unknown (2008)
